# dlib C++ Library - image_pyramid.h

    // Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_IMAGE_PYRaMID_Hh_
    #define DLIB_IMAGE_PYRaMID_Hh_

    #include "image_pyramid_abstract.h"
    #include "../pixel.h"
    #include "../array2d.h"
    #include "../geometry.h"
    #include "spatial_filtering.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        class pyramid_disable : noncopyable
        {
        public:

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_down (
                const vector<T,2>&
            ) const
            {
                return vector<double,2>(0,0);
            }

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_up (
                const vector<T,2>&
            ) const
            {
                return vector<double,2>(0,0);
            }

        // -----------------------------

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_down (
                const vector<T,2>& p,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                if (levels == 0)
                    return p;
                else
                    return vector<double,2>(0,0);
            }

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_up (
                const vector<T,2>& p,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                if (levels == 0)
                    return p;
                else
                    return vector<double,2>(0,0);
            }

        // -----------------------------

            drectangle rect_up (
                const drectangle& rect
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner()), point_up(rect.br_corner()));
            }

            drectangle rect_up (
                const drectangle& rect,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_up(rect.br_corner(),levels));
            }

        // -----------------------------

            drectangle rect_down (
                const drectangle& rect
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner()), point_down(rect.br_corner()));
            }

            drectangle rect_down (
                const drectangle& rect,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_down(rect.br_corner(),levels));
            }

        // -----------------------------

        public:

            template <
                typename in_image_type,
                typename out_image_type
                >
            void operator() (
                // we do this #ifdef stuff to avoid compiler warnings about unused variables.
    #ifdef ENABLE_ASSERTS
                const in_image_type& original,
    #else
                const in_image_type& ,
    #endif
                out_image_type& down
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_same_object(original, down) == false,
                            "\t void pyramid_disable::operator()"
                            << "\n\t is_same_object(original, down): " << is_same_object(original, down)
                            << "\n\t this:                           " << this
                            );

                typedef typename image_traits<in_image_type>::pixel_type in_pixel_type;
                typedef typename image_traits<out_image_type>::pixel_type out_pixel_type;
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<out_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );

                set_image_size(down, 0, 0);
            }

            template <
                typename image_type
                >
            void operator() (
                image_type& img
            ) const
            {
                typedef typename image_traits<image_type>::pixel_type pixel_type;
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                set_image_size(img, 0, 0);
            }
        };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        namespace impl
        {

            class pyramid_down_2_1 : noncopyable
            {
            public:

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_down (
                    const vector<T,2>& p
                ) const
                {
                    return p/2.0 - vector<double,2>(1.25,0.75);
                }

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_up (
                    const vector<T,2>& p
                ) const
                {
                    return (p + vector<T,2>(1.25,0.75))*2;
                }

            // -----------------------------

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_down (
                    const vector<T,2>& p,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    vector<double,2> temp = p;
                    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < levels; ++i)
                        temp = point_down(temp);
                    return temp;
                }

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_up (
                    const vector<T,2>& p,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    vector<double,2> temp = p;
                    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < levels; ++i)
                        temp = point_up(temp);
                    return temp;
                }

            // -----------------------------

                drectangle rect_up (
                    const drectangle& rect
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner()), point_up(rect.br_corner()));
                }

                drectangle rect_up (
                    const drectangle& rect,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_up(rect.br_corner(),levels));
                }

            // -----------------------------

                drectangle rect_down (
                    const drectangle& rect
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner()), point_down(rect.br_corner()));
                }

                drectangle rect_down (
                    const drectangle& rect,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_down(rect.br_corner(),levels));
                }

            // -----------------------------

            private:
                template <typename T, typename U>
                struct both_images_rgb
                {
                    typedef typename image_traits<T>::pixel_type T_pix;
                    typedef typename image_traits<U>::pixel_type U_pix;
                    const static bool value = pixel_traits<T_pix>::rgb && pixel_traits<U_pix>::rgb;
                };
            public:

                template <
                    typename in_image_type,
                    typename out_image_type
                    >
                typename disable_if<both_images_rgb<in_image_type,out_image_type> >::type operator() (
                    const in_image_type& original_,
                    out_image_type& down_
                ) const
                {
                    // make sure requires clause is not broken
                    DLIB_ASSERT( is_same_object(original_, down_) == false,
                                "\t void pyramid_down_2_1::operator()"
                                << "\n\t is_same_object(original_, down_): " << is_same_object(original_, down_)
                                << "\n\t this:                           " << this
                                );

                    typedef typename image_traits<in_image_type>::pixel_type in_pixel_type;
                    typedef typename image_traits<out_image_type>::pixel_type out_pixel_type;
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<out_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );

                    const_image_view<in_image_type> original(original_);
                    image_view<out_image_type> down(down_);

                    if (original.nr() <= 8 || original.nc() <= 8)
                    {
                        down.clear();
                        return;
                    }

                    typedef typename pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::basic_pixel_type bp_type;
                    typedef typename promote<bp_type>::type ptype;
                    array2d<ptype> temp_img;
                    temp_img.set_size(original.nr(), (original.nc()-3)/2);
                    down.set_size((original.nr()-3)/2, (original.nc()-3)/2);

                    // This function applies a 5x5 Gaussian filter to the image.  It
                    // does this by separating the filter into its horizontal and vertical
                    // components and then downsamples the image by dropping every other
                    // row and column.  Note that we can do these things all together in
                    // one step.

                    // apply row filter
                    for (long r = 0; r < temp_img.nr(); ++r)
                    {
                        long oc = 0;
                        for (long c = 0; c < temp_img.nc(); ++c)
                        {
                            ptype pix1;
                            ptype pix2;
                            ptype pix3;
                            ptype pix4;
                            ptype pix5;

                            assign_pixel(pix1, original[r][oc]);
                            assign_pixel(pix2, original[r][oc+1]);
                            assign_pixel(pix3, original[r][oc+2]);
                            assign_pixel(pix4, original[r][oc+3]);
                            assign_pixel(pix5, original[r][oc+4]);

                            pix2 *= 4;
                            pix3 *= 6;
                            pix4 *= 4;

                            assign_pixel(temp_img[r][c], pix1 + pix2 + pix3 + pix4 + pix5);
                            oc += 2;
                        }
                    }

                    // apply column filter
                    long dr = 0;
                    for (long r = 2; r < temp_img.nr()-2; r += 2)
                    {
                        for (long c = 0; c < temp_img.nc(); ++c)
                        {
                            ptype temp = temp_img[r-2][c] +
                                        temp_img[r-1][c]*4 +
                                        temp_img[r  ][c]*6 +
                                        temp_img[r+1][c]*4 +
                                        temp_img[r+2][c];

                            assign_pixel(down[dr][c],temp/256);
                        }
                        ++dr;
                    }

                }

            private:
                struct rgbptype
                {
                    uint16 red;
                    uint16 green;
                    uint16 blue;
                };
            public:
            // ------------------------------------------
            //       OVERLOAD FOR RGB TO RGB IMAGES
            // ------------------------------------------
                template <
                    typename in_image_type,
                    typename out_image_type
                    >
                typename enable_if<both_images_rgb<in_image_type,out_image_type> >::type operator() (
                    const in_image_type& original_,
                    out_image_type& down_
                ) const
                {
                    // make sure requires clause is not broken
                    DLIB_ASSERT( is_same_object(original_, down_) == false,
                                "\t void pyramid_down_2_1::operator()"
                                << "\n\t is_same_object(original_, down_): " << is_same_object(original_, down_)
                                << "\n\t this:                           " << this
                                );

                    typedef typename image_traits<in_image_type>::pixel_type in_pixel_type;
                    typedef typename image_traits<out_image_type>::pixel_type out_pixel_type;
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<out_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );

                    const_image_view<in_image_type> original(original_);
                    image_view<out_image_type> down(down_);

                    if (original.nr() <= 8 || original.nc() <= 8)
                    {
                        down.clear();
                        return;
                    }

                    array2d<rgbptype> temp_img;
                    temp_img.set_size(original.nr(), (original.nc()-3)/2);
                    down.set_size((original.nr()-3)/2, (original.nc()-3)/2);

                    // This function applies a 5x5 Gaussian filter to the image.  It
                    // does this by separating the filter into its horizontal and vertical
                    // components and then downsamples the image by dropping every other
                    // row and column.  Note that we can do these things all together in
                    // one step.

                    // apply row filter
                    for (long r = 0; r < temp_img.nr(); ++r)
                    {
                        long oc = 0;
                        for (long c = 0; c < temp_img.nc(); ++c)
                        {
                            rgbptype pix1;
                            rgbptype pix2;
                            rgbptype pix3;
                            rgbptype pix4;
                            rgbptype pix5;

                            pix1.red = original[r][oc].red;
                            pix2.red = original[r][oc+1].red;
                            pix3.red = original[r][oc+2].red;
                            pix4.red = original[r][oc+3].red;
                            pix5.red = original[r][oc+4].red;
                            pix1.green = original[r][oc].green;
                            pix2.green = original[r][oc+1].green;
                            pix3.green = original[r][oc+2].green;
                            pix4.green = original[r][oc+3].green;
                            pix5.green = original[r][oc+4].green;
                            pix1.blue = original[r][oc].blue;
                            pix2.blue = original[r][oc+1].blue;
                            pix3.blue = original[r][oc+2].blue;
                            pix4.blue = original[r][oc+3].blue;
                            pix5.blue = original[r][oc+4].blue;

                            pix2.red *= 4;
                            pix3.red *= 6;
                            pix4.red *= 4;

                            pix2.green *= 4;
                            pix3.green *= 6;
                            pix4.green *= 4;

                            pix2.blue *= 4;
                            pix3.blue *= 6;
                            pix4.blue *= 4;

                            rgbptype temp;
                            temp.red = pix1.red + pix2.red + pix3.red + pix4.red + pix5.red;
                            temp.green = pix1.green + pix2.green + pix3.green + pix4.green + pix5.green;
                            temp.blue = pix1.blue + pix2.blue + pix3.blue + pix4.blue + pix5.blue;

                            temp_img[r][c] = temp;

                            oc += 2;
                        }
                    }

                    // apply column filter
                    long dr = 0;
                    for (long r = 2; r < temp_img.nr()-2; r += 2)
                    {
                        for (long c = 0; c < temp_img.nc(); ++c)
                        {
                            rgbptype temp;
                            temp.red = temp_img[r-2][c].red +
                                    temp_img[r-1][c].red*4 +
                                    temp_img[r  ][c].red*6 +
                                    temp_img[r+1][c].red*4 +
                                    temp_img[r+2][c].red;
                            temp.green = temp_img[r-2][c].green +
                                        temp_img[r-1][c].green*4 +
                                        temp_img[r  ][c].green*6 +
                                        temp_img[r+1][c].green*4 +
                                        temp_img[r+2][c].green;
                            temp.blue = temp_img[r-2][c].blue +
                                        temp_img[r-1][c].blue*4 +
                                        temp_img[r  ][c].blue*6 +
                                        temp_img[r+1][c].blue*4 +
                                        temp_img[r+2][c].blue;

                            down[dr][c].red = temp.red/256;
                            down[dr][c].green = temp.green/256;
                            down[dr][c].blue = temp.blue/256;
                        }
                        ++dr;
                    }

                }

                template <
                    typename image_type
                    >
                void operator() (
                    image_type& img
                ) const
                {
                    image_type temp;
                    (*this)(img, temp);
                    swap(temp, img);
                }

            private:

            };

        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            class pyramid_down_3_2 : noncopyable
            {
            public:

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_down (
                    const vector<T,2>& p
                ) const
                {
                    const double ratio = 2.0/3.0;
                    return p*ratio - vector<double,2>(1,1);
                }

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_up (
                    const vector<T,2>& p
                ) const
                {
                    const double ratio = 3.0/2.0;
                    return p*ratio + vector<T,2>(ratio,ratio);
                }

            // -----------------------------

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_down (
                    const vector<T,2>& p,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    vector<double,2> temp = p;
                    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < levels; ++i)
                        temp = point_down(temp);
                    return temp;
                }

                template <typename T>
                vector<double,2> point_up (
                    const vector<T,2>& p,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    vector<double,2> temp = p;
                    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < levels; ++i)
                        temp = point_up(temp);
                    return temp;
                }

            // -----------------------------

                drectangle rect_up (
                    const drectangle& rect
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner()), point_up(rect.br_corner()));
                }

                drectangle rect_up (
                    const drectangle& rect,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_up(rect.br_corner(),levels));
                }

            // -----------------------------

                drectangle rect_down (
                    const drectangle& rect
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner()), point_down(rect.br_corner()));
                }

                drectangle rect_down (
                    const drectangle& rect,
                    unsigned int levels
                ) const
                {
                    return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_down(rect.br_corner(),levels));
                }

            // -----------------------------

            private:
                template <typename T, typename U>
                struct both_images_rgb
                {
                    typedef typename image_traits<T>::pixel_type T_pix;
                    typedef typename image_traits<U>::pixel_type U_pix;
                    const static bool value = pixel_traits<T_pix>::rgb && pixel_traits<U_pix>::rgb;
                };
            public:

                template <
                    typename in_image_type,
                    typename out_image_type
                    >
                typename disable_if<both_images_rgb<in_image_type,out_image_type> >::type operator() (
                    const in_image_type& original_,
                    out_image_type& down_
                ) const
                {
                    // make sure requires clause is not broken
                    DLIB_ASSERT(is_same_object(original_, down_) == false,
                                "\t void pyramid_down_3_2::operator()"
                                << "\n\t is_same_object(original_, down_): " << is_same_object(original_, down_)
                                << "\n\t this:                           " << this
                                );

                    typedef typename image_traits<in_image_type>::pixel_type in_pixel_type;
                    typedef typename image_traits<out_image_type>::pixel_type out_pixel_type;
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<out_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );

                    const_image_view<in_image_type> original(original_);
                    image_view<out_image_type> down(down_);

                    if (original.nr() <= 8 || original.nc() <= 8)
                    {
                        down.clear();
                        return;
                    }

                    const long size_in = 3;
                    const long size_out = 2;

                    typedef typename pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::basic_pixel_type bp_type;
                    typedef typename promote<bp_type>::type ptype;
                    const long full_nr =  size_out*((original.nr()-2)/size_in);
                    const long part_nr = (size_out*(original.nr()-2))/size_in;
                    const long full_nc =  size_out*((original.nc()-2)/size_in);
                    const long part_nc = (size_out*(original.nc()-2))/size_in;
                    down.set_size(part_nr, part_nc);

                    long rr = 1;
                    long r;
                    for (r = 0; r < full_nr; r+=size_out)
                    {
                        long cc = 1;
                        long c;
                        for (c = 0; c < full_nc; c+=size_out)
                        {
                            ptype block[size_in][size_in];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_grayscale(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate block
                            assign_pixel(down[r][c]     , (block[0][0]*9 + block[1][0]*3 + block[0][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                            assign_pixel(down[r][c+1]   , (block[0][2]*9 + block[1][2]*3 + block[0][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                            assign_pixel(down[r+1][c]   , (block[2][0]*9 + block[1][0]*3 + block[2][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                            assign_pixel(down[r+1][c+1] , (block[2][2]*9 + block[1][2]*3 + block[2][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));

                            cc += size_in;
                        }
                        if (part_nc - full_nc == 1)
                        {
                            ptype block[size_in][2];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_grayscale(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate partial block
                            assign_pixel(down[r][c]     , (block[0][0]*9 + block[1][0]*3 + block[0][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                            assign_pixel(down[r+1][c]   , (block[2][0]*9 + block[1][0]*3 + block[2][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                        }
                        rr += size_in;
                    }
                    if (part_nr - full_nr == 1)
                    {
                        long cc = 1;
                        long c;
                        for (c = 0; c < full_nc; c+=size_out)
                        {
                            ptype block[2][size_in];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_grayscale(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate partial block
                            assign_pixel(down[r][c]     , (block[0][0]*9 + block[1][0]*3 + block[0][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                            assign_pixel(down[r][c+1]   , (block[0][2]*9 + block[1][2]*3 + block[0][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));

                            cc += size_in;
                        }
                        if (part_nc - full_nc == 1)
                        {
                            ptype block[2][2];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_grayscale(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate partial block
                            assign_pixel(down[r][c]     , (block[0][0]*9 + block[1][0]*3 + block[0][1]*3 + block[1][1])/(16*256));
                        }
                    }

                }

            private:
                struct rgbptype
                {
                    uint32 red;
                    uint32 green;
                    uint32 blue;
                };

            public:
            // ------------------------------------------
            //       OVERLOAD FOR RGB TO RGB IMAGES
            // ------------------------------------------
                template <
                    typename in_image_type,
                    typename out_image_type
                    >
                typename enable_if<both_images_rgb<in_image_type,out_image_type> >::type operator() (
                    const in_image_type& original_,
                    out_image_type& down_
                ) const
                {
                    // make sure requires clause is not broken
                    DLIB_ASSERT( is_same_object(original_, down_) == false,
                                "\t void pyramid_down_3_2::operator()"
                                << "\n\t is_same_object(original_, down_): " << is_same_object(original_, down_)
                                << "\n\t this:                           " << this
                                );

                    typedef typename image_traits<in_image_type>::pixel_type in_pixel_type;
                    typedef typename image_traits<out_image_type>::pixel_type out_pixel_type;
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                    COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<out_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );

                    const_image_view<in_image_type> original(original_);
                    image_view<out_image_type> down(down_);

                    if (original.nr() <= 8 || original.nc() <= 8)
                    {
                        down.clear();
                        return;
                    }

                    const long size_in = 3;
                    const long size_out = 2;

                    const long full_nr =  size_out*((original.nr()-2)/size_in);
                    const long part_nr = (size_out*(original.nr()-2))/size_in;
                    const long full_nc =  size_out*((original.nc()-2)/size_in);
                    const long part_nc = (size_out*(original.nc()-2))/size_in;
                    down.set_size(part_nr, part_nc);

                    long rr = 1;
                    long r;
                    for (r = 0; r < full_nr; r+=size_out)
                    {
                        long cc = 1;
                        long c;
                        for (c = 0; c < full_nc; c+=size_out)
                        {
                            rgbptype block[size_in][size_in];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_rgb(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate block
                            down[r][c].red       = (block[0][0].red*9   + block[1][0].red*3   + block[0][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].green     = (block[0][0].green*9 + block[1][0].green*3 + block[0][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].blue      = (block[0][0].blue*9  + block[1][0].blue*3  + block[0][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            down[r][c+1].red     = (block[0][2].red*9   + block[1][2].red*3   + block[0][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c+1].green   = (block[0][2].green*9 + block[1][2].green*3 + block[0][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c+1].blue    = (block[0][2].blue*9  + block[1][2].blue*3  + block[0][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            down[r+1][c].red     = (block[2][0].red*9   + block[1][0].red*3   + block[2][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r+1][c].green   = (block[2][0].green*9 + block[1][0].green*3 + block[2][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r+1][c].blue    = (block[2][0].blue*9  + block[1][0].blue*3  + block[2][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            down[r+1][c+1].red   = (block[2][2].red*9   + block[1][2].red*3   + block[2][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r+1][c+1].green = (block[2][2].green*9 + block[1][2].green*3 + block[2][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r+1][c+1].blue  = (block[2][2].blue*9  + block[1][2].blue*3  + block[2][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            cc += size_in;
                        }
                        if (part_nc - full_nc == 1)
                        {
                            rgbptype block[size_in][2];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_rgb(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate partial block
                            down[r][c].red       = (block[0][0].red*9   + block[1][0].red*3   + block[0][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].green     = (block[0][0].green*9 + block[1][0].green*3 + block[0][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].blue      = (block[0][0].blue*9  + block[1][0].blue*3  + block[0][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            down[r+1][c].red     = (block[2][0].red*9   + block[1][0].red*3   + block[2][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r+1][c].green   = (block[2][0].green*9 + block[1][0].green*3 + block[2][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r+1][c].blue    = (block[2][0].blue*9  + block[1][0].blue*3  + block[2][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);
                        }
                        rr += size_in;
                    }
                    if (part_nr - full_nr == 1)
                    {
                        long cc = 1;
                        long c;
                        for (c = 0; c < full_nc; c+=size_out)
                        {
                            rgbptype block[2][size_in];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_rgb(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate partial block
                            down[r][c].red       = (block[0][0].red*9   + block[1][0].red*3   + block[0][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].green     = (block[0][0].green*9 + block[1][0].green*3 + block[0][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].blue      = (block[0][0].blue*9  + block[1][0].blue*3  + block[0][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            down[r][c+1].red     = (block[0][2].red*9   + block[1][2].red*3   + block[0][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c+1].green   = (block[0][2].green*9 + block[1][2].green*3 + block[0][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c+1].blue    = (block[0][2].blue*9  + block[1][2].blue*3  + block[0][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);

                            cc += size_in;
                        }
                        if (part_nc - full_nc == 1)
                        {
                            rgbptype block[2][2];
                            separable_3x3_filter_block_rgb(block, original_, rr, cc, 2, 12, 2);

                            // bi-linearly interpolate partial block
                            down[r][c].red       = (block[0][0].red*9   + block[1][0].red*3   + block[0][1].red*3   + block[1][1].red)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].green     = (block[0][0].green*9 + block[1][0].green*3 + block[0][1].green*3 + block[1][1].green)/(16*256);
                            down[r][c].blue      = (block[0][0].blue*9  + block[1][0].blue*3  + block[0][1].blue*3  + block[1][1].blue)/(16*256);
                        }
                    }
                }

                template <
                    typename image_type
                    >
                void operator() (
                    image_type& img
                ) const
                {
                    image_type temp;
                    (*this)(img, temp);
                    swap(temp, img);
                }
            private:

            };

        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            unsigned int N
            >
        class pyramid_down : noncopyable
        {
        public:

            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(N > 0);

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_down (
                const vector<T,2>& p
            ) const
            {
                const double ratio = (N-1.0)/N;
                return (p - 0.3)*ratio;
            }

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_up (
                const vector<T,2>& p
            ) const
            {
                const double ratio = N/(N-1.0);
                return p*ratio + 0.3;
            }

        // -----------------------------

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_down (
                const vector<T,2>& p,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                vector<double,2> temp = p;
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < levels; ++i)
                    temp = point_down(temp);
                return temp;
            }

            template <typename T>
            vector<double,2> point_up (
                const vector<T,2>& p,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                vector<double,2> temp = p;
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < levels; ++i)
                    temp = point_up(temp);
                return temp;
            }

        // -----------------------------

            drectangle rect_up (
                const drectangle& rect
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner()), point_up(rect.br_corner()));
            }

            drectangle rect_up (
                const drectangle& rect,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_up(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_up(rect.br_corner(),levels));
            }

        // -----------------------------

            drectangle rect_down (
                const drectangle& rect
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner()), point_down(rect.br_corner()));
            }

            drectangle rect_down (
                const drectangle& rect,
                unsigned int levels
            ) const
            {
                return drectangle(point_down(rect.tl_corner(),levels), point_down(rect.br_corner(),levels));
            }

            template <
                typename in_image_type,
                typename out_image_type
                >
            void operator() (
                const in_image_type& original,
                out_image_type& down
            ) const
            {
                // make sure requires clause is not broken
                DLIB_ASSERT(is_same_object(original, down) == false,
                            "\t void pyramid_down::operator()"
                            << "\n\t is_same_object(original, down): " << is_same_object(original, down)
                            << "\n\t this:                           " << this
                            );

                typedef typename image_traits<in_image_type>::pixel_type in_pixel_type;
                typedef typename image_traits<out_image_type>::pixel_type out_pixel_type;
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<in_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT( pixel_traits<out_pixel_type>::has_alpha == false );

                set_image_size(down, ((N-1)*num_rows(original))/N+0.5, ((N-1)*num_columns(original))/N+0.5);
                resize_image(original, down);
            }

            template <
                typename image_type
                >
            void operator() (
                image_type& img
            ) const
            {
                image_type temp;
                (*this)(img, temp);
                swap(temp, img);
            }
        };

        template <>
        class pyramid_down<1> : public pyramid_disable {};

        template <>
        class pyramid_down<2> : public dlib::impl::pyramid_down_2_1 {};

        template <>
        class pyramid_down<3> : public dlib::impl::pyramid_down_3_2 {};

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <unsigned int N>
        double pyramid_rate(const pyramid_down<N>&)
        {
            return (N-1.0)/N;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <unsigned int N>
        void find_pyramid_down_output_image_size(
            const pyramid_down<N>& pyr,
            long& nr,
            long& nc
        )
        {
            const double rate = pyramid_rate(pyr);
            nr = std::floor(rate*nr);
            nc = std::floor(rate*nc);
        }

        inline void find_pyramid_down_output_image_size(
            const pyramid_down<3>& /*pyr*/,
            long& nr,
            long& nc
        )
        {
            nr = 2*(nr-2)/3;
            nc = 2*(nc-2)/3;
        }

        inline void find_pyramid_down_output_image_size(
            const pyramid_down<2>& /*pyr*/,
            long& nr,
            long& nc
        )
        {
            nr = (nr-3)/2;
            nc = (nc-3)/2;
        }

        inline void find_pyramid_down_output_image_size(
            const pyramid_down<1>& /*pyr*/,
            long& nr,
            long& nc
        )
        {
            nr = 0;
            nc = 0;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        namespace impl
        {
            template <typename pyramid_type>
            void compute_tiled_image_pyramid_details (
                const pyramid_type& pyr,
                long nr,
                long nc,
                const unsigned long padding,
                const unsigned long outer_padding,
                std::vector<rectangle>& rects,
                long& pyramid_image_nr,
                long& pyramid_image_nc
            )
            {
                rects.clear();
                if (nr*nc == 0)
                {
                    pyramid_image_nr = 0;
                    pyramid_image_nc = 0;
                    return;
                }

                const long min_height = 5;
                rects.reserve(100);
                rects.push_back(rectangle(nc,nr));
                // build the whole pyramid
                while(true)
                {
                    find_pyramid_down_output_image_size(pyr, nr, nc);
                    if (nr*nc == 0 || nr < min_height)
                        break;
                    rects.push_back(rectangle(nc,nr));
                }

                // figure out output image size
                long total_height = 0;
                for (auto&& i : rects)
                    total_height += i.height()+padding;
                total_height -= padding*2; // don't add unnecessary padding to the very right side.
                long height = 0;
                long prev_width = 0;
                for (auto&& i : rects)
                {
                    // Figure out how far we go on the first column.  We go until the next image can
                    // fit next to the previous one, which means we can double back for the second
                    // column of images.
                    if (i.width() <= rects[0].width()-prev_width-(long)padding &&
                        (height-rects[0].height())*2 >= (total_height-rects[0].height()))
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    height += i.height() + padding;
                    prev_width = i.width();
                }
                height -= padding; // don't add unnecessary padding to the very right side.

                const long width = rects[0].width();
                pyramid_image_nr = height+outer_padding*2;
                pyramid_image_nc = width+outer_padding*2;

                long y = outer_padding;
                size_t i = 0;
                while(y < height+(long)outer_padding && i < rects.size())
                {
                    rects[i] = translate_rect(rects[i],point(outer_padding,y));
                    DLIB_ASSERT(rectangle(pyramid_image_nc,pyramid_image_nr).contains(rects[i]));
                    y += rects[i].height()+padding;
                    ++i;
                }
                y -= padding;
                while (i < rects.size())
                {
                    point p1(outer_padding+width-1,y-1);
                    point p2 = p1 - rects[i].br_corner();
                    rectangle rect(p1,p2);
                    DLIB_ASSERT(rectangle(pyramid_image_nc,pyramid_image_nr).contains(rect));
                    // don't keep going on the last row if it would intersect the original image.
                    if (!rects[0].intersect(rect).is_empty())
                        break;

                    rects[i] = rect;
                    y -= rects[i].height()+padding;
                    ++i;
                }

                // Delete any extraneous rectangles if we broke out of the above loop early due to
                // intersection with the original image.
                rects.resize(i);
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename pyramid_type,
            typename image_type1,
            typename image_type2
            >
        void create_tiled_pyramid (
            const image_type1& img,
            image_type2& out_img,
            std::vector<rectangle>& rects,
            const unsigned long padding = 10,
            const unsigned long outer_padding = 0
        )
        {
            DLIB_ASSERT(!is_same_object(img, out_img));

            long out_nr, out_nc;
            pyramid_type pyr;
            impl::compute_tiled_image_pyramid_details(pyr, img.nr(), img.nc(), padding, outer_padding, rects, out_nr, out_nc);

            set_image_size(out_img, out_nr, out_nc);
            assign_all_pixels(out_img, 0);

            if (rects.size() == 0)
                return;

            // now build the image pyramid into out_img
            auto si = sub_image(out_img, rects[0]);
            assign_image(si, img);
            for (size_t i = 1; i < rects.size(); ++i)
            {
                auto s1 = sub_image(out_img, rects[i-1]);
                auto s2 = sub_image(out_img, rects[i]);
                pyr(s1,s2);
            }
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename pyramid_type
            >
        dpoint image_to_tiled_pyramid (
            const std::vector<rectangle>& rects,
            double scale,
            dpoint p
        )
        {
            DLIB_CASSERT(rects.size() > 0);
            DLIB_CASSERT(0 < scale && scale <= 1);
            pyramid_type pyr;
            // This scale factor maps this many levels down the pyramid
            long pyramid_down_iter = static_cast<long>(std::log(scale)/std::log(pyramid_rate(pyr))+0.5);
            pyramid_down_iter = put_in_range(0, (long)rects.size()-1, pyramid_down_iter);

            return rects[pyramid_down_iter].tl_corner() + pyr.point_down(p, pyramid_down_iter);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename pyramid_type
            >
        drectangle image_to_tiled_pyramid (
            const std::vector<rectangle>& rects,
            double scale,
            drectangle r
        )
        {
            DLIB_ASSERT(rects.size() > 0);
            DLIB_ASSERT(0 < scale && scale <= 1);
            return drectangle(image_to_tiled_pyramid<pyramid_type>(rects, scale, r.tl_corner()),
                              image_to_tiled_pyramid<pyramid_type>(rects, scale, r.br_corner()));
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename pyramid_type
            >
        dpoint tiled_pyramid_to_image (
            const std::vector<rectangle>& rects,
            dpoint p
        )
        {
            DLIB_CASSERT(rects.size() > 0);

            size_t pyramid_down_iter = nearest_rect(rects, p);

            p -= rects[pyramid_down_iter].tl_corner();
            pyramid_type pyr;
            return pyr.point_up(p, pyramid_down_iter);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename pyramid_type
            >
        drectangle tiled_pyramid_to_image (
            const std::vector<rectangle>& rects,
            drectangle r
        )
        {
            DLIB_CASSERT(rects.size() > 0);

            size_t pyramid_down_iter = nearest_rect(rects, dcenter(r));

            dpoint origin = rects[pyramid_down_iter].tl_corner();
            r = drectangle(r.tl_corner()-origin, r.br_corner()-origin);
            pyramid_type pyr;
            return pyr.rect_up(r, pyramid_down_iter);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_IMAGE_PYRaMID_Hh_